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Difference between revisions of "1959 IMO Problems/Problem 2"

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== Solution ==
 
== Solution ==
  
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Firstly, the square roots imply that a valid domain for x  is <math>x\ge \frac{1}{2}</math>.
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The square roots imply that <math>x\ge \frac{1}{2}</math>.
  
 
Square both sides of the given equation: <cmath>A^2 = \Big( x + \sqrt{2x - 1}\Big) + 2 \sqrt{x + \sqrt{2x - 1}}  \sqrt{x - \sqrt{2x - 1}} +  \Big( x - \sqrt{2x - 1}\Big) </cmath>
 
Square both sides of the given equation: <cmath>A^2 = \Big( x + \sqrt{2x - 1}\Big) + 2 \sqrt{x + \sqrt{2x - 1}}  \sqrt{x - \sqrt{2x - 1}} +  \Big( x - \sqrt{2x - 1}\Big) </cmath>

Revision as of 04:28, 17 December 2019

Problem

For what real values of $x$ is

$\sqrt{x+\sqrt{2x-1}} + \sqrt{x-\sqrt{2x-1}} = A,$

given (a) $A=\sqrt{2}$, (b) $A=1$, (c) $A=2$, where only non-negative real numbers are admitted for square roots?

Solution

The square roots imply that $x\ge \frac{1}{2}$.

Square both sides of the given equation: \[A^2 = \Big( x + \sqrt{2x - 1}\Big) + 2 \sqrt{x + \sqrt{2x - 1}} \sqrt{x - \sqrt{2x - 1}} + \Big( x - \sqrt{2x - 1}\Big)\]

Add the first and the last terms to get: \[A^2 = 2x + 2 \sqrt{x + \sqrt{2x - 1}} \sqrt{x - \sqrt{2x - 1}}\]

Multiply the middle terms, and use $(a + b)(a - b) = a^2 - b^2$ to get: \[A^2 = 2x + 2 \sqrt{x^2 - 2x + 1}\]

Since the term inside the square root is a perfect square, and by factoring 2 out, we get \[A^2 = 2(x + \sqrt{(x-1)^2})\] Use the property that $\sqrt{x^2}=x$ to get \[A^2 = 2(x+|x-1|)\]

Case I: If $x \le 1$, then $|x-1| = 1 - x$, and the equation reduces to $A^2 = 2$. This is precisely part (a) of the question, for which the valid interval is now $x \in \left[ \frac{1}{2}, 1 \right]$

Case II: If $x > 1$, then $|x-1| = x - 1$ and we have \[x = \frac{A^2 + 2}{4} > 1\] which simplifies to \[A^2 > 2\]

This tells there that there is no solution for (b), since we must have $A^2 \ge 2$

For (c), we have $A = 2$, which means that $A^2 = 4$, so the only solution is $x=\frac{3}{2}$.

~flamewavelight (Expanded)

Alternate solutions are always welcome. If you have a different, elegant solution to this problem, please add it to this page.

See Also

1959 IMO (Problems) • Resources
Preceded by
Problem 1 		1 • 2 • 3 • 4 • 5 • 6 Followed by
Problem 3
All IMO Problems and Solutions
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