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Difference between revisions of "1995 IMO Problems/Problem 1"

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Think about Radical Axis, Power of a Point and Radical Center.
 
Think about Radical Axis, Power of a Point and Radical Center.
  
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== Solution ==
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== Solution 1==
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Since <math>M</math> is on the circle with diameter <math>AC</math>, we have <math>\angle AMC=90</math> and so <math>\angle MCA=90-A</math>.  We simlarly find that <math>\angle BND=90</math>.  Also, notice that the line <math>XY</math> is the radical axis of the two circles with diameters <math>AC</math> and <math>BD</math>.  Thus, since <math>P</math> is on <math>XY</math>, we have <math>PN\cdot PB=PM\cdot PC</math> and so by the converse of Power of a Point, the quadrilateral <math>MNBC</math> is cyclic.  Thus, <math>90-A=\angle MCA=\angle BNM</math>.  Thus, <math>\angle MND=180-A</math> and so quadrilateral <math>AMND</math> is cyclic.  Let the circle which contains the points <math>AMND</math> be cirle <math>O</math>.  Then, the radical axis of <math>O</math> and the circle with diameter <math>AC</math> is line <math>AM</math>.  Also, the radical axis of <math>O</math> and the circle with diameter <math>BD</math> is line <math>DN</math>.  Since the pairwise radical axes of 3 circles are concurrent, we have <math>AM,DN,XY</math> are concurrent as desired.
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Since <math>M</math> is on the circle with diameter <math>AC</math>, we have <math>\angle AMC=90</math> and so <math>\angle MCA=90-A</math>.  We similarly find that <math>\angle BND=90</math>.  Also, notice that the line <math>XY</math> is the radical axis of the two circles with diameters <math>AC</math> and <math>BD</math>.  Thus, since <math>P</math> is on <math>XY</math>, we have <math>PN\cdot PB=PM\cdot PC</math> and so by the converse of Power of a Point, the quadrilateral <math>MNBC</math> is cyclic.  Thus, <math>90-A=\angle MCA=\angle BNM</math>.  Thus, <math>\angle MND=180-A</math> and so quadrilateral <math>AMND</math> is cyclic.  Let the name of the circle <math>AMND</math> be <math>O</math> .  Then, the radical axis of <math>O</math> and the circle with diameter <math>AC</math> is line <math>AM</math>.  Also, the radical axis of <math>O</math> and the circle with diameter <math>BD</math> is line <math>DN</math>.  Since the pairwise radical axes of 3 circles are concurrent, we have <math>AM,DN,XY</math> are concurrent as desired.
  
 
==Solution 2==
 
==Solution 2==
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== Solution 3==
 
== Solution 3==
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Let <math>AM</math> and <math>XY</math> intersect at <math>Z</math>. Because <math><AMC = <BND = <APT = 90^\circ</math>, we have quadrilaterals <math>AMPT</math> and <math>DNPT</math> cyclic. Therefore, <math>Z</math> lies on the radical axis of the two circumcircles of these quadrilaterals. But <math>Z</math> also lies on radical axis <math>XY</math> of the original two circles, so the power of <math>Z</math> with respect to each of the four circles is all equal to <math>ZM * ZA</math>. Hence, <math>Z</math> lies on the radical axis <math>DN</math> of the two circles passing through <math>D</math> and <math>N</math>, as desired.
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Let <math>AM</math> and <math>XY</math> intersect at <math>Z</math>. Because <math>\angle AMC = \angle BND = \angle APT = 90^\circ</math>, we have quadrilaterals <math>AMPT</math> and <math>DNPT</math> cyclic. Therefore, <math>Z</math> lies on the radical axis of the two circumcircles of these quadrilaterals. But <math>Z</math> also lies on radical axis <math>XY</math> of the original two circles, so the power of <math>Z</math> with respect to each of the four circles is all equal to <math>ZM * ZA</math>. Hence, <math>Z</math> lies on the radical axis <math>DN</math> of the two circles passing through <math>D</math> and <math>N</math>, as desired.
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what is <math>T</math> here?
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== Solution 4==
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Let the circle with diameter <math>AC</math> be <math>\omega_1</math> and the circle with diameter <math>BD</math> be <math>\omega_2</math>. Let <math>Q</math> be the intersection of <math>AM</math> and <math>XY</math> and <math>N'</math> be the intersection of <math>QD</math> with <math>\omega_2</math>. Since <math>AC</math> is the diameter of <math>\omega_1</math>, <math>\angle AMC = \angle QMC = 90</math>. Since <math>XY</math> is the radical axis of <math>\omega_1</math> and <math>\omega_2</math>, <math>\angle QZD = \angle QZA = 90</math> so <math>\triangle QMP \sim \triangle QZA</math> by AAA. Hence <math>\frac {QM}{QZ} = \frac {QP}{QA}</math> so <math>QM\times QA = QP\times QZ</math>. From power of a point, <math>QM\times QA = QN'\times QD</math> so <math>QP\times QZ = QN'\times QD</math>. Hence <math>\frac{QP}{QD} = \frac{QN'}{QZ}</math> so <math>\triangle QN'P \sim \triangle QZD</math>, so <math>\angle QN'P = 90 = \angle PN'D</math> as <math>QN'D</math> is a straight line. Thus <math>PZDN'</math> is cyclic so the radical axis of <math>PZDN'</math> and <math>\omega_2</math> is <math>DN'</math>. However <math>PZDN</math> is also cyclic (since <math>\angle BND = \angle PND = 90</math>) so the radical axis of <math>PZDN</math> and <math>\omega _2</math> is <math>DN</math>. Since two circles cannot have more than one radical axis (<math>PZDN</math> and <math>PZDN'</math> are the same circles), <math>N'</math> must lie on <math>DN</math>. But since <math>N</math> and <math>N'</math> lie on <math>\omega_2</math>, <math>N=N'</math> so <math>AM</math>, <math>DN</math> and <math>XY</math> are concurrent
  
 
==Discussion==
 
==Discussion==
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[[Category:Olympiad Geometry Problems]]
 
[[Category:Olympiad Geometry Problems]]
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{{IMO box|year=1995|before=First Question|num-a=2}}

Latest revision as of 11:25, 23 April 2025

Problem

Let $A,B,C,D$ be four distinct points on a line, in that order. The circles with diameters $AC$ and $BD$ intersect at $X$ and $Y$. The line $XY$ meets $BC$ at $Z$. Let $P$ be a point on the line $XY$ other than $Z$. The line $CP$ intersects the circle with diameter $AC$ at $C$ and $M$, and the line $BP$ intersects the circle with diameter $BD$ at $B$ and $N$. Prove that the lines $AM,DN,XY$ are concurrent.


Hint

Think about Radical Axis, Power of a Point and Radical Center.

Solution 1

Since $M$ is on the circle with diameter $AC$, we have $\angle AMC=90$ and so $\angle MCA=90-A$. We similarly find that $\angle BND=90$. Also, notice that the line $XY$ is the radical axis of the two circles with diameters $AC$ and $BD$. Thus, since $P$ is on $XY$, we have $PN\cdot PB=PM\cdot PC$ and so by the converse of Power of a Point, the quadrilateral $MNBC$ is cyclic. Thus, $90-A=\angle MCA=\angle BNM$. Thus, $\angle MND=180-A$ and so quadrilateral $AMND$ is cyclic. Let the name of the circle $AMND$ be $O$ . Then, the radical axis of $O$ and the circle with diameter $AC$ is line $AM$. Also, the radical axis of $O$ and the circle with diameter $BD$ is line $DN$. Since the pairwise radical axes of 3 circles are concurrent, we have $AM,DN,XY$ are concurrent as desired.

Solution 2

Let $AM$ and $PT$ (a subsegment of $XY$) intersect at $Z$. Now, assume that $Z, N, P$ are not collinear. In that case, let $ZD$ intersect the circle with diameter $BD$ at $N'$ and the circle through $D, P, T$ at $N''$.

We know that $\angle AMC = \angle BND = \angle ATP = 90^\circ$ via standard formulae, so quadrilaterals $AMPT$ and $DNPT$ are cyclic. Thus, $N'$ and $N''$ are distinct, as none of them is $N$. Hence, by Power of a Point, \[ZM * ZA = ZP * ZT = ZN'' * ZD.\] However, because $Z$ lies on radical axis $TP$ of the two circles, we have \[ZM * ZA = ZN' * ZD.\] Hence, $ZN'' = ZN'$, a contradiction since $D$ and $D'$ are distinct. We therefore conclude that $Z, N, D$ are collinear, which gives the concurrency of $AM, XY$, and $DN$. This completes the problem.

Solution 3

Let $AM$ and $XY$ intersect at $Z$. Because $\angle AMC = \angle BND = \angle APT = 90^\circ$, we have quadrilaterals $AMPT$ and $DNPT$ cyclic. Therefore, $Z$ lies on the radical axis of the two circumcircles of these quadrilaterals. But $Z$ also lies on radical axis $XY$ of the original two circles, so the power of $Z$ with respect to each of the four circles is all equal to $ZM * ZA$. Hence, $Z$ lies on the radical axis $DN$ of the two circles passing through $D$ and $N$, as desired.

what is $T$ here?

Solution 4

Let the circle with diameter $AC$ be $\omega_1$ and the circle with diameter $BD$ be $\omega_2$. Let $Q$ be the intersection of $AM$ and $XY$ and $N'$ be the intersection of $QD$ with $\omega_2$. Since $AC$ is the diameter of $\omega_1$, $\angle AMC = \angle QMC = 90$. Since $XY$ is the radical axis of $\omega_1$ and $\omega_2$, $\angle QZD = \angle QZA = 90$ so $\triangle QMP \sim \triangle QZA$ by AAA. Hence $\frac {QM}{QZ} = \frac {QP}{QA}$ so $QM\times QA = QP\times QZ$. From power of a point, $QM\times QA = QN'\times QD$ so $QP\times QZ = QN'\times QD$. Hence $\frac{QP}{QD} = \frac{QN'}{QZ}$ so $\triangle QN'P \sim \triangle QZD$, so $\angle QN'P = 90 = \angle PN'D$ as $QN'D$ is a straight line. Thus $PZDN'$ is cyclic so the radical axis of $PZDN'$ and $\omega_2$ is $DN'$. However $PZDN$ is also cyclic (since $\angle BND = \angle PND = 90$) so the radical axis of $PZDN$ and $\omega _2$ is $DN$. Since two circles cannot have more than one radical axis ($PZDN$ and $PZDN'$ are the same circles), $N'$ must lie on $DN$. But since $N$ and $N'$ lie on $\omega_2$, $N=N'$ so $AM$, $DN$ and $XY$ are concurrent

Discussion

Lemma: The radical axis of two pairs of circles $O_1$, $O_2$ and $O_3$, $O_4$ are the same line $l$. Furthermore, $O_1$ and $O_2$ intersect at $A$ and $B$, and $O_3$ and $O_4$ intersect at $C$ and $D$. Then $A, B, C,$ and $D$ are concyclic.

The proof of this lemma is trivial using the argument in Solution 3 and applying the converse of Power of a Point.

Note that this Problem 1 is a corollary of this lemma. This lemma is an effective way to relate four circles, just as the radical center can relate three circles.

Solution 1 also gives a trivial lemma that can also be useful:

Lemma 2: Chords $AB$ of $\omega_1$ and $CD$ of $\omega_2$ intersect on the segment $XY$ formed from the intersections of the two circles. Then $A, B, C, D$ are concyclic.

Two ways to solve a problem, two different insights into circle geometry. That is cool, but more RADICAL!

See also

1995 IMO (Problems) • Resources
Preceded by
First Question 		1 • 2 • 3 • 4 • 5 • 6 Followed by
Problem 2
All IMO Problems and Solutions
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