Difference between revisions of "Sparrow’s lemmas"

Revision as of 16:53, 19 September 2025

Sparrow’s lemmas have been known to Russian Olympiad participants since at least 2016. Page was made by vladimir.shelomovskii@gmail.com, vvsss

Sparrow's Lemma 1

Let triangle $ABC$ with circumcircle $\Omega$ and points $D$ and $E$ on the sides $AB$ and $AC,$ respectively be given.

Let $K \in \Omega$ be the midpoint of the arc $BC$ which contain the point $A.$

Prove that $BD = CE$ iff points $A, D, E,$ and $K$ are concyclic.

Proof

$BK = CK, \angle ABK = \angle ACK.$

Let $BD = CE \implies \triangle BKD = \triangle CKE \implies$

$\angle KDA = \angle KEA \implies A, D, E,$ and $K$ are concyclic.

Let $A, D, E,$ and $K$ are concyclic $\implies \angle KDA = \angle KEA \implies$

$\angle BKD = \angle CKE \implies \triangle BKD = \triangle CKE \implies BD = CE.$

Sparrow’s Lemma 2

Let triangle $ABC$ with circumcircle $\Omega$ and points $D$ and $E$ on the sides $AB$ and $AC,$ respectively be given.

Let $I$ be the incenter.

Prove that $BD + CE = BC$ iff points $A, D, E,$ and $I$ are concyclic.

Proof

1. Let points $A, D, E,$ and $I$ are concyclic.

Denote $F \in BC$ such $BD = BF, \varphi = \angle ADI.$

So point $F$ is symmetric to $D$ with respect to $BI \implies \angle BDI = 180^\circ - \varphi, \angle IEC = \varphi.$ $\triangle BDI = \triangle BFI \implies DI = FI, \angle CFI = \varphi.$ $\angle DAI = \angle EAI \implies DI = EI = FI.$ $\triangle CIF = \triangle CIE \implies CE = CF \implies BD + CE = BC \blacksquare$ 2. Let $BD + CE = BC \implies$ there is point $F$ such that $BF = BD, CF = CE \implies$ $\triangle CIF = \triangle CIE, \triangle BIF = \triangle BID \implies$ $180^\circ = \angle BFI + \angle CFI = \angle BDI + \angle CEI = \angle ADI + \angle AEI \blacksquare$

Sparrow’s Lemma 3

Let lines $\ell$ and $\ell'$ and points $A_0 \in \ell$ and $B_0 \in \ell'$ be given, $O = \ell \cap \ell'.$

Points $A$ and $B$ moves along $\ell$ and $\ell',$ respectively with fixed speeds. At moment $t = 0,$ $A = A_0, B = O$ , at moment $t_0$ $A = O, B = B_0.$

Prove that circle $\Omega = \odot OAB$ contain fixed point ( $P$ ).

Proof

Let $\omega$ be the circle contains $O$ and $B_0$ and tangent to $\ell.$ Let $\omega'$ be the circle contains $O$ and $A_0$ and tangent to $\ell'.$ $P = \omega \cap \omega' \ne O.$ It is known that $P$ is the spiral center of spiral similarity $T$ mapping segment $A_0O$ to $OB_0.$ The ratio of the speeds of points $A$ and $B$ is $\frac{AA_0}{BO} = \frac{OA_0}{B_0O},$ so $T$ mapping segment $AA_0$ to $BO.$ Therefore $\Omega$ contain the spiral center $P \blacksquare$

Corollary 1

Lemma 1 is partial case of Lemma 3 with spiral center $K,$ equal speeds and two positions of the pare moving points - $D,E$ and $B,C.$

Corollary 2

Lemma 2 is partial case of Lemma 3 with spiral center $I,$ and equal speeds (from $D$ to $A$ and from $E$ to $C$ ). Start positions of these points are $D$ and $E.$

Sparrow’s Lemma 3A

Let lines $\ell$ and $\ell'$ be given, $O = \ell \cap \ell'.$

Points $A$ and $B$ moves along $\ell$ and $\ell',$ respectively with fixed speeds. At moment $t = 0,$ $A = B = O.$

Prove that center $Q$ of the circle $\Omega = \odot OAB$ moves along fixed line with fixed speed.

Proof

$\frac{OA}{OB} = const \implies \angle OAB = \alpha = const.$ So direction of line $AB$ is fixed for given motion.

Let $m'$ be the tangent to $\Omega$ at point $O.$ Angle between $m'$ and $l'$ is $\alpha$ so $m'$ is the fixed line which is antiparallel to line $AB.$

$QO \perp m'$ so line $m \perp m'$ is the locus $Q.$

$\angle QOA$ is fixed, so $\frac{OQ}{OA}$ is fixed and $Q$ moves with fixed speed.

vladimir.shelomovskii@gmail.com, vvsss

Russian Math Olympiad 2011

Let triangle $ABC$ with circumcircle $\Omega$ be given. Let $K \in \Omega$ be the midpoint of the arc $BC$ which contain the point $A, M$ be the midpoint of $BC, I_B$ be incenter of $\triangle ABM, I_C$ be incenter of $\triangle ACM.$

Prove that points $A, I_B, I_C,$ and $K$ are concyclic.

Proof

Denote $\omega = \odot AI_BI_C, D = \omega \cap AB,$ $E = \omega \cap AC, F = \omega \cap AM.$

We use Lemma 2 for $\triangle ABM$ and get $BD + FM = BM.$

We use Lemma 2 for $\triangle ACM$ and get $CE + FM = CM = BM \implies BD = CE.$

We use Lemma 1 for $\triangle ABC$ and get result: points $A,D,E,$ and $K$ are concyclic $\blacksquare$

Russian Math Olympiad 2005

Let triangle $ABC$ with circumcircle $\Omega$ and incircle $\omega$ be given. Let $A', B',$ and $C'$ be the tangent points of the excircles of $\triangle ABC$ with the corresponding sides. Let $D, E,$ and $F$ be the tangent points of the incircle of $\triangle ABC.$ The circumscribed circles of triangles $\triangle A'B'C, \triangle AB'C',$ and $\triangle A'BC'$ intersect $\Omega$ a second time at points $D', E',$ and $F',$ respectively.

Prove that $\triangle DEF \sim \triangle D'E'F'.$

Proof

$AF = BC' = B'C.$ We use Sparrow’s Lemma 1 and get that point $D'$ is the midpoint of arc $BC$ of $\Omega$ which contain the point $A.$

So $D'O || DI, \frac {D'O}{DI} = \frac{R}{r} = \frac{OG}{GI} = \frac{D'G}{DG}.$

Similarly, $\frac{E'G}{EG} = \frac{F'G}{FG} = \frac{R}{r} \blacksquare$

Russian Math Olympiad 1999

Let triangle $\triangle ABC$ with points $D \in AB$ and $E \in BC, EC = AD$ be given.

Let $M$ and $M'$ be midpoints $AC$ and $DE,$ respectively.

Let $I$ be the incenter of $\triangle ABC.$

Prove that $BI || MM'.$

Proof

$AD = CE, \Omega = \odot ABC.$ We use Sparrow’s Lemma 1 for circle $\omega = \odot BDE$ and get that point $F = \Omega \cap \omega$ is the midpoint of arc $AC$ of $\Omega$ which contain the point $B.$

Let $G$ be the antipode of $F$ on $\Omega, G'$ be the antipode of $F$ on $\omega \implies M \in GF, M' \in G'F.$

$\angle ABG = \beta = \angle DFG' = \angle AFG,$ $\angle FDG' = 90^\circ = \angle FAG \implies$ $\frac{FM'}{FG'} = \frac{FM}{FG} \implies$ $GG' || MM' \implies BI || MM' \blacksquare$

@@ Line 64: / Line 64: @@
 Lemma 2 is partial case of Lemma 3 with spiral center <math>I,</math> and equal speeds (from <math>D</math> to <math>A</math> and from <math>E</math> to <math>C</math>). Start positions of these points are <math>D</math> and <math>E.</math>
+==Sparrow’s Lemma 3A==
+[[File:Sparrow 3A.png|300px|right]]
+Let lines <math>\ell</math> and <math>\ell'</math> be given, <math>O = \ell \cap \ell'.</math>
+Points <math>A</math> and <math>B</math> moves along <math>\ell</math> and <math>\ell',</math> respectively with fixed speeds. At moment <math>t = 0,</math> <math>A = B = O.</math>
+Prove that center <math>Q</math> of the circle <math>\Omega = \odot OAB</math> moves along fixed line with fixed speed.
+<i><b>Proof</b></i>
+<math>\frac{OA}{OB} = const \implies \angle OAB = \alpha = const.</math> So direction of line <math>AB</math> is fixed for given motion.
+Let <math>m'</math> be the tangent to <math>\Omega</math> at point <math>O.</math> Angle between <math>m'</math>  and <math>l'</math> is <math>\alpha</math> so <math>m'</math> is the fixed line which is antiparallel to line <math>AB.</math>
+<math>QO \perp m'</math> so line <math>m \perp m'</math> is the locus <math>Q.</math>
+<math>\angle QOA</math> is fixed, so <math>\frac{OQ}{OA}</math> is fixed and <math>Q</math> moves with fixed speed.
+'''vladimir.shelomovskii@gmail.com, vvsss'''
 ==Russian Math Olympiad 2011==
 [[File:Sparrow problem 1.png|300px|right]]

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Difference between revisions of "Sparrow’s lemmas"

Revision as of 16:53, 19 September 2025

Contents

Sparrow's Lemma 1

Sparrow’s Lemma 2

Sparrow’s Lemma 3

Sparrow’s Lemma 3A

Russian Math Olympiad 2011

Russian Math Olympiad 2005

Russian Math Olympiad 1999